Bài viết này được cập nhật lần cuối vào ngày 05/03/2021.
Ngày 13/12/2020 — Hai loại vắc xin có thể được chấp thuận sử dụng tại Hoa Kỳ vào cuối tuần tới, một loại vắc xin thứ ba sẽ sớm ra mắt. Dưới đây là cái nhìn sâu hơn về các loại vaccine này và có thể có giá trị với bạn.
| Vaccine developer: | Pfizer | Moderna | AstraZeneca | Johnson & Johnson |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How it works | Messenger RNA | Messenger RNA | Inactivated cold virus | Modified cold virus |
| When approved/ expected approval Thời điểm chấp thuận/ phê duyệt | Dec. 11 | Dec. 18 | Could submit application for emergency use authorization in late March. Có thể nộp đơn xin cấp phép sử dụng khẩn cấp vào cuối tháng 3. | Feb. 27. |
| What percentage of people did it protect from getting infected in clinical studies? Tỉ lệ bảo vệ khỏi bị nhiễm bệnh trong nghiên cứu lâm sàng | 95% | 94.1% | 70% | 66.1% globally; 72% in the U.S.; 86% effective against severe disease Thế giới 66,1% ; Mỹ 72%; hiệu quả đối với bệnh nặng 86%. |
| How many shots do you need? Số liều cần tiêm | Two doses, 3 weeks apart Hai liều, cách nhau 3 tuần | Two doses, 4 weeks apart Hai liều, cách nhau 4 tuần | Two doses, a month apart Hai liều, cách nhau 1 tháng | One dose Một liều |
| What are the side effects? Tác dụng phụ | Fatigue, headache, chills, muscle pain, especially after the second dose. Mệt mỏi, đau đầu, ớn lạnh, đau cơ, đặc biệt sau liều thứ 2 | Fever, muscle aches, headaches lasting a few days. Effects worse after second dose. Sốt, đau cơ, nhức đầu kéo dài vài ngày. Nặng hơn sau khi tiêm liều thứ 2 | Injection site pain, fever, muscle aches, headache. Đau tại chỗ tiêm, sốt, đau cơ, nhức đầu | Injection site pain, headache, fatigue, muscle pain. Đau tại chỗ tiêm, nhức đầu, mệt mỏi, đau cơ. |
| How many doses will be available, and when? Có bao nhiêu liều và khi nào? | 50 million, starting Dec. 18; 1.3 billion in 2021 | 20 million, starting Dec. 21; 80 million for U.S. in 2021 | 3 billion planned for 2021 | 100 million doses by summer |
| Who is it recommended for? Khuyến cáo sử dụng cho ai | People 16 years and older Trên 16 tuổi | People 18 years and older. Trên 18 tuổi | Not yet available. | People 18 years and older. Trên 18 tuổi |
| What about pregnant women and nursing moms? Phụ nữ mang thai và đang cho con bú thì sao? | Pregnant women or nursing moms who want the COVID-19 vaccine should get one, experts say. The vaccine has not yet been studied in pregnant women. Read guidelines here. Phụ nữ mang thai hoặc đang cho con bú nếu muốn tiêm vaccine Covid-19 có thể dùng 1 liều. Vaccine vẫn chưa được nghiên cứu trên phụ nữ mang thai. Đọc thêm ở guidelines | There’s limited data. Studies in rats who were immunized before and during pregnancy found no safety concerns. The CDC says pregnant women may choose to receive the vaccine. Dữ liệu vẫn còn hạn chế. Nghiên cứu ở chuột trước và trong thời gian mang thai không tìm thấy lo ngại về sự an toàn. CDC nói phụ nữ mang thai có thể sử dụng vaccine này. | Not yet available. | Discuss your options with your healthcare provider. Thảo luận các lựa chọn của bạn với chuyên gia. |
| Is there anyone who shouldn’t get the vaccine? Ai không nên tiêm vaccine? | People with a history of serious allergic reactions, anyone with a history of allergic reactions to vaccine ingredients including polyethylene glycol, and anyone with a history of allergic reactions to polysorbate. Người có tiền sử dị ứng nghiêm trọng, người có tiền sử dị ứng với các thành phần trong vaccine, bao gồm polyethylen glycol, và người có tiền sử dị ứng với polysorbate. | People with a history of serious allergic reactions, anyone with a history of allergic reactions to vaccine ingredients including polyethylene glycol, and anyone with a history of allergic reactions to polysorbate. Người có tiền sử dị ứng nghiêm trọng, người có tiền sử dị ứng với các thành phần trong vaccine, bao gồm polyethylen glycol, và người có tiền sử dị ứng với polysorbate. | Not yet available. | Anyone who’s had a severe allergic reaction to an ingredient in the vaccine. Bất kỳ ai có phản ứng dị ứng nghiêm trọng với các thành phần trong vaccine. |
| Any significant side effects? | 50 cases of anaphylaxis in people who received the vaccine, mostly women. Four cases of Bell’s palsy, a type of temporary facial paralysis, reported in people who received the vaccine. This is not more than would be expected in the general population. | 21 cases of anaphylaxis in people who received the vaccine, all in women. Four cases of Bell’s palsy reported in the clinical trials including 3 in the vaccine group, and 1 in the placebo group. This is not more than would be expected in the general population. | Four total serious side effects, including two cases of transverse myelitis. | One person went to the hospital for fever associated with the vaccine. Four other serious cases were not related to the vaccine. |
| What about people with lowered immune function? | Ok for people whose immune function is lowered by HIV or immunosuppressing drugs if they have no other reasons to avoid it. There is limited safety data in this group. | Ok for people whose immune function is lowered by HIV or immunosuppressing drugs if they have no other reasons to avoid it. There is limited safety data in this group. | Not yet available. | Not yet available. |
| What about people with autoimmune diseases? | No data are available on the safety or effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in people with autoimmune disease. People with autoimmune conditions may still get the shots if they have no other reasons to avoid vaccination. | No data are available on the safety or effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in people with autoimmune disease. People with autoimmune conditions may still get the shots if they have no other reasons to avoid vaccination. | Not yet available. | Not yet available. |
| Is the vaccine safe for people with a history of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)? | To date, no cases of GBS have been seen in people vaccinated for COVID-19. The CDC says a history of GBS is not a reason to avoid vaccination. | To date, no cases of GBS have been seen in people vaccinated for COVID-19. The CDC says a history of GBS is not a reason to avoid vaccination. | Not yet available. | Not yet available. |
WebMD Health News
Sources
STAT: “Detailed data on AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine show it has moderate efficacy.”
The New York Times: “Moderna Applies for Emergency F.D.A. Approval for Its Coronavirus Vaccine.”
USA Today: “Are there side effects to a COVID-19 vaccine? What are the ‘ingredients’? The cost? Answers to your vaccine questions,” “Moderna becomes second company to request emergency FDA authorization for COVID-19 vaccine candidate,” “Pfizer to seek approval from FDA ‘within days’ after further analysis finds COVID-19 vaccine 95% effective.”
Medscape: “CDC Panel Recommends Pfizer’s COVID-19 Vaccine for People 16 and Over.”
Medscape: “Experts: Pregnant Women Can Get COVID-Vaccine.”
Medscape: “Second COVID-19 Panel Ready for Use, CDC Says.”
CDC: “Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States.”
(nguồn: https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20201214/closer-look-at-three-covid-19-vaccines)
Nhà thuốc Anh Châu 